Health risks assessment of heavy metal contamination in processed bamboo starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi)

This study investigates the heavy metal contamination in processed bamboo starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) and its potential health risks to consumers. Heavy metals may leach from metal containers during food processing, leading to toxic exposure. The objective of the research was to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals (aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead, and zinc) in bamboo starfruit samples processed using different containers (beaker, aluminium pot, biscuit tin, and frying pan). Samples were subjected to acid digestion and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed that aluminium concentration was highest in the aluminium pot (855.00 mg/kg), followed by biscuit tin (784.50 mg/kg), frying pan (720.00 mg/kg), and beaker (575.33 mg/kg). Hazard Quotient (HQ) analysis revealed aluminium exposure exceeded the safe limit (HQ > 1) across all containers, while iron and nickel exposure generally remained within safe limits, except for nickel in the aluminium pot. These findings highlight significant health risks associated with aluminium contamination. Future recommendations include the use of safer cooking materials, improved monitoring of heavy metals in food processing, and further studies incorporating advanced analytical techniques and risk assessment models considering local dietary habits.