An analysis on 3D modelling technique in virtual reality for Hajj and Umrah simulation

This study investigates the use of 3D modelling techniques in virtual reality (VR) simulations for Hajj and Umrah education. It focuses on how these techniques support realism, user interaction, and system performance. The research uses qualitative content analysis to study five VR platforms: HAJJI VR, Pilgrim VR, Labbaik VR, HAJJ, and Muslim 3D. The aim is to understand how 3D modelling is applied in VR religious learning and to identify which techniques are most used. The main problem addressed is the challenge of balancing high-quality visuals with the limited processing power of VR devices, which can reduce the effectiveness of the learning experience. The findings show that basic techniques like polygonal modelling, texturing, and real-time rendering are widely used, while more advanced methods—such as parametric modelling, physically based simulation, and mixed reality—are not applied. Techniques like procedural modelling and Level of Detail (LOD) are used only in some platforms, likely due to technical limitations. This paper recommends that future development should include AI tools to help optimise models and improve performance. It also suggests exploring scalable techniques like procedural modelling to improve realism without overloading system resources. These suggestions are based on observed gaps in current Virtual Reality systems and aim to improve the quality of religious learning through immersive simulations.