Preparation of dye material with metal for solar cell application using bulk method / Muhammad Zimam Akid Mohd Haniffa

This report shows that systems with organic and inorganic material were designed for a wide variety of applications in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Dye-sensitized solar cell systems (DSSC) deliver costeffective, manufacturable, large-scale, low-toxicity, high-effectiveness and scalable systems that have led to the substantial increase in the production and technology of solar cells. By sensitizing broadband semi-conductors, they can transform visible light into electricity. Solar energy is the ideal solution for future energy needs for environmental development. There have been scientific attempts to design new molecular dyes with a broad absorption spectrum in the field visible. The natural pigment is one of the production methods which reduces the high costs of metal sensitizers, often eliminating expensive chemical synthesis through a simple process of extraction. This research examines the creation and influence of natural dyes based on dye-sensitized solar cells, on the various performance parameters. Moreover, the use of TiO2 nanotubes is a comparison of natural dyes with their photoelectric conversion effectiveness. As a photoelectrode medium, TiO2 is used to provide wide areas with a large adsorption dye and the direction for electric transmission. In the meantime, TiO2 increases the direction in which photons pass through the light. The electrolyte also plays a key role in DSSC, similar to the dye and metal used in the application of DSSC. The electrolyte is desired in a solid-state during the photosensitization process and is made with a polymer. This is due to the simple preparation of the solid-state and its stability, which help to cast the electrode in the DSSC. The ionic liquid would be inserted into the electrolyte to maximize the volume of ions. This is to improve the electrolyte's conductivity by replacing the sensitized dye with new electrolyte ions as majority of the ions are used to regenerate the dye. Besides, butyronitrile can be used as a solvent because the electrolyte has lower to non- volatile components as it can help increase the lifetime of DSSC by taking a long time to degrade. In the application of the DSCC as well as dye and electrolyte, metal oxide also plays a vital role. The efficiency of metal oxide can be improved individually or combined with other materials. At that time, a few metal oxides were taken to improve production due to low-efficiency yields. With rising productivity, it may be expanding rather than ecologically friendly. Some alternatives have been used to boost performance by using a double-layer structure. To improve metal oxide production, the metal oxide may be used separately or in conjunction with other substances. In the past, a few metal oxides were taken to boost performance due to low-efficiency rates. With rising productivity, it may be expanding rather than ecologically friendly. Some alternatives have been taken to maximize performance, including a double system. Better output can therefore be achieved through the improvement of the DSSC construction parameters.