Gravimetric geoid model determination for Peninsular Malaysia using least squares modification of stokes / Saiful Aman Hj Sulaiman

Geoid is vital information in the determination of orthometric height via GNSS levelling. Based on the ellipsoidal height observed by GNSS, the accurate orthometricheight can be easily computed by adding precise and accurate geoid model information. This will particularly enable the users to replace the traditional orthometric height determination techniques to become faster and more cost effective. The Peninsular Malaysia Seamless Geoid Model 2014 (PMSGM2014) is the first geoid model computed based on the Least Square Modification of Stokes' (LSMS) approach. In spite of the available land observation gravity data is sparse and not well distributed, however the PMSGM2014 is successfully constructed as accurately as possible. Based on the literature review, the LSMS is the most appropriate approach in determination of geoid model. However, even with a good approach, the accuracy of the geoid model is totally depends on the quality of the data. In this study, development of gravimetric database is the priority because of an accurate data is required in determination of geoid model using LSMS. The procedure for evaluating, selecting, removing blunders, combining and re-gridding the surface gravity anomalies from land observed gravity, marine ship track and Global Geopotential Model (GGM) and Satellite Altimetry model data has been developed. The cleaning and quality control for the gravimetric database was based on the cross validation approach combined with Kriging spatial interpolation method. The limits of Peninsular Malaysia Gravimetric database are Latitudes S 3° 00' - N 10° 00' and Longitudes E96° 00' - El08° 00'.The gravimetric geoid model for the Peninsular Malaysia was computed based on LSMS with Additive Correction (AC)…