A review on synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles

This review discusses the synthesis, characterization and the antimicrobial properties of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs), including their importance for the growling dispute with antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The recent advancement in nanotechnology has established AgO NPs as one of the key interest areas because of their distinguished physicochemical characteristics such as high surface to volume ratios, and their exceptional antibacterial, antifungal and catalytic activities. These qualities render AgO NPs highly adaptable for use in medical, environmental and industrial sectors. The review points out existing gaps in knowledge regarding optimal synthesis techniques, the influence of nanoparticle size and shape on antimicrobial effectiveness, and the specific mechanisms by which AgO NPs exert their antimicrobial effects. AgO NPs are synthesized using chemical, physical and biological methods. To confirm that the nanoparticles are as per basic specifications of size, shape and stability, characterization techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been employed. These nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties by disrupting microbial membranes, producing different reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interfering with the synthesis of DNA and proteins in microorganisms. Such multiple actions increase their efficacy against strains with multidrug resistance. This review aims at acquiring knowledge of the synthesis methods and expanding the understanding of the antimicrobial therapies in applications such as environmental remediation and targeted drug delivery.