The framework of ergonomic risk among the trades at construction site in Malaysia

Working conditions in the construction sector are highly accident-prone, with numerous ergonomic risks involved. Tradespeople are exposed to significant amounts of various hazards that could lead to bodily harm or even death. They also encounter a wide range of safety and health risks on site, including repetitive or awkward postures, thermal stress, loud noise, vibrations, and more. The greater the exposure to this risk either individually or in combination the higher the likelihood of ergonomic harm or the development of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs). The objectives of this study are to identify ergonomic risks, investigate the effects of these risks towards trades, investigate improvement of Ergonomic Risk and development of Conceptual Framework of Ergonomic Risk at construction site. To achieve these objectives, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and a questionnaire survey were conducted with professionals and tradespeople from selected residential projects. Additionally, a validation process involving experts was performed. Ten (10) respondents were selected for the semi-structured interviews, but only eight (8) agreed to participate. A total of 196 questionnaires were distributed to tradespeople, with 80 completed responses returned. Furthermore, eight (8) expert panel members were chosen for the validation process. Findings revealed that repetitive or awkward postures, highly repetitive tasks, and exposure to extreme temperatures are the most significant ergonomic risks faced by construction workers. Consequently, the lower back, shoulders, upper back, and wrists or hands are the most commonly affected body areas, often resulting in pain and discomfort. To mitigate ergonomic risks on construction sites, workers should receive proper induction and training before commencing work, and employers must implement adequate safety and health measures. The adoption of Industrial Revolution 4.0 initiatives also supports productivity enhancement, industry modernization, and improved site safety. Finally, the expert panel confirmed that the proposed conceptual framework is appropriate. The outcomes of this research are intended to support improvements in essential safety procedures and workplace regulations, raise awareness among tradespeople,