An integrated layered framework for digital transformations in the agricultural supply chain: a strategic conceptual perspective

This paper develops a conceptual framework for digital transformation in the agricultural supply chain. Subsequently, it suggests that a comprehensive ‘Integrated Layered Framework‘ be formulated where the six core technologies namely Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, Big Data/Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Digital Twins and Advanced Monitoring are engaged at the three interconnected layers i.e. Device (data collection), Edge (real-time processing) and Cloud Layers (advanced analytics). This framework maps technology applications across production, processing, logistics and retail stages while outlining a progressive transformation pathway from essential digitalisation to comprehensive intelligence. Bidirectional flows are illustrated in the framework, showing how technologies interact synergistically to address agricultural challenges, including fragmentation, inefficiency, and information asymmetry. However, despite these significant potential benefits, the implementation of this framework faces barriers, including digital literacy gaps, infrastructure limitations and economic constraints. Nonetheless, this framework provides stakeholders with a systematic and structured approach towards implementing digital solutions that guarantee agricultural operations' efficiency, transparency, and sustainability