Oil-based ink from biochar of used Mashaf via microwave technique: a waste circularity option in Quran printing industry

Current calls by the United Nations through the Sustainable Development Goals aim to reduce the negative environmental impact of cities by 2030, particularly in air quality and waste management. Malaysia, too, faces challenges in the aspect of managing waste; the greenhouse gas emissions from its daily activities generate waste. Reducing waste in landfills by providing emerging technology is important. In the aspect of disposing of particular materials such as used Mashaf, special care must be taken to maintain holiness as prescribed by the Fatwa Committee in the National Council for Islamic Religious Affairs in Malaysia. This used Mashaf, which is not in good condition to read because of damage, torn out, scribbled, etc., will be incinerated, and its ash shall be disposed of according to the prescribed method. With the increase of enrolment in Quran users and consumers, especially the Tahfiz students, there is a need for technology that could solve the problem while at the same time improving environmental sustainability through waste circularity.