Nanofluids adoption as an alternative heat transfer fluids in pem fuel cell cooling

Heat transfer fluids play a crucial role in optimizing thermal management in various applications. The primary purpose of a heat transfer fluid is to facilitate the efficient transfer of heat from one location to another. Nanofluids are fluids consisting of base fluid and nano-sized particles with sizes less than 100 nm suspended within them. Base fluids can be water, ethylene glycol mixture, propylene glycol mixture, or engine oil. The engineered nanofluids significantly alter the base fluid's properties in terms of heat transfer enhancement.