Developing a systemic and sustainable transport framework to promote cycling safety in Malaysia using multi-criteria decision model

Cyclist safety is a growing concern in Malaysia as cycling becomes more common for commuting and recreation, yet cyclists remain among the most vulnerable road users. This study aimed to examine factors influencing risky behaviours, identify high-risk groups, analyse interactions with other road users, and develop a cyclist safety framework tailored to the Malaysian context. Field observations were conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam, and Cyberjaya across selected midblock and intersection locations, yielding 11,190 observations. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse demographic and contextual influences on risky behaviours, while decision tree analysis classified cyclists into high- and low-risk groups. Interactions with other road users, including bicycle lane misuse and close passing distances, were also modelled. The findings showed that young cyclists, females, solo riders, and electric bicycle users were more likely to engage in risky behaviours such as helmet and reflective clothing non-use. Risky interactions were more frequent at intersections, particularly involving cars and pedestrians misusing bicycle lanes, while close passing distances were strongly associated with female cyclists, solo riders, and encounters with motorcycles. A systemic and sustainable cyclist safety framework was developed, aligned with the Malaysia Road Safety Plan 2022–2030, covering governance, monitoring, safer commutes, protection of high-risk groups, vehicle interactions, and micromobility. The framework offers practical insights for policymakers, planners, and safety advocates, providing a foundation for reducing cyclist risk and promoting safer, more sustainable urban mobility in Malaysia.