Artificial intelligence in well digitalisation: cultural and organisational challenges in the oil and gas industry

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming global industries, including the oil and gas sector. As part of ongoing digital transformation, AI has become a key driver of well digitalisation, improving how wells are designed, drilled, monitored, and managed. Through advanced data analytics, predictive modelling, and real-time automation, AI enhances operational decision-making and optimises complex processes. Well digitalisation integrates digital technologies, automation, and data-driven intelligence across the entire well life cycle, enabling systems to process large datasets, identify patterns, predict outcomes, and recommend actions with minimal human intervention. This results in higher efficiency, reduced non-productive time, improved safety, and quicker responses to operational challenges. However, achieving effective well digitalisation with AI remains difficult due to cultural and organisational constraints, including resistance to change, limited digital literacy, siloed structures, traditional work norms, and reliance on legacy systems. This paper investigates these barriers and outlines strategies to support sustainable transformation. Using a hybrid approach—industry field observations complemented by a systematic literature review—it finds that success requires a strong digital culture, strategic investment in digital skills, organisational alignment, and visionary leadership. Addressing these factors enables organisations to unlock AI’s full potential, strengthen resilience, and remain competitive in the evolving energy landscape.