Exploring the individual and social factors related to adolescent females’ sports participation in Cambodia

The literature on gender roles and sports participation highlights the persistent global issue of gender disparity, with women historically underrepresented and facing limited opportunities, despite recent shifts towards inclusion. In Cambodia, cultural attitudes, lack of female role models, limited access to facilities, and inadequate support from family and community hinder female sports participation. However, there is a research gap concerning the specific challenges adolescent girls in Cambodia face. This qualitative study explores the individual, relational, and social factors influencing adolescent females’ sports participation in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, noting the numerous benefits of sports for adolescent girls and the decline in participation due to societal norms and limited opportunities. Using the socio-ecological model, we conducted semi-structured focus-group interviews with 22 teenage females aged 15 to 25 who had engaged in male-dominated sports, with some having dropped out of school. Thematic analysis revealed key themes: lack of knowledge, skills, and motivation; time constraints; relational and social factors; and environmental or organizational barriers by using the ALAS.ti software program. Participants noted the absence of tailored sports programs and expressed inadequacy regarding their skills. Academic and familial responsibilities and excessive screen time further hindered participation. Social support from family, friends, and teachers was crucial, as those lacking such support were less likely to engage in sports. Other barriers included inadequate school facilities and safety concerns. Despite these challenges, participants acknowledged sports' health and psychological benefits and emphasized the need for better infrastructure and supportive programs. This study suggests important approaches to enhance female sports participation, including boosting intrinsic motivation, providing social relationship opportunities, educating parents and teachers, challenging gender stereotypes, and offering accessible sports facilities and programs. Creating inclusive and supportive environments can significantly increase sports participation among adolescent females in Cambodia.