Contemporary fiqh and technological advancements

The emergence of various advanced technologies in the digital era—such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain technology, biotechnology, and automation systems—has created a variety of new questions related to Islamic law. These developments have created an urgent need for contemporary reassessment and ijtihad fiqh so that Muslims can interact with technology legally and ethically according to Islamic principles. This study was conducted through a full library research approach. The main references consist of PhD and Master's theses, academic journals, seminar articles, and classic works in the field of fiqh. Secondary sources include official websites such as the portal of the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), State Islamic Religious Councils, websites of state muftis, writings of contemporary scholars, and reports of fatwa and technology institutions. The focus of this study is on three main aspects: first, identifying types of current technologies that raise questions in terms of fiqh and Islamic law; second, explaining the role of contemporary fiqh in addressing legal and ethical challenges related to the use of such technologies; and third, evaluating the contribution of contemporary fiqh in guiding society towards the acceptance and use of technology in a syariah-compliant manner.