Enhancement of sodium bismuth titanate (nbt) dielectric properties through aluminum (al3+) substitution for energy storage

This research explores the enhancement of sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) ceramics through Al3+substitution at the A-site to overcome limitations in energy storage capabilities. While NBT exhibits promising dielectric and ferroelectric properties, issues such as limited temperature stability, low energy storage capacity, and dielectric losses require innovative solutions. By employing systematic Al3+incorporation (x=0.00x = 0.00 to x=0.08), this study achieves significant optimization of microstructural, optical, and dielectric properties. The lead solid-state reaction method used for synthesis ensures precise control over stoichiometry and processing conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms successful Al3+incorporation into the A-site, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals improved grain size and distribution. The modified ceramics exhibit grain sizes ranging from 1±0.31 \pm 0.3 μm to 6±1.016 \pm 1.01 μm and relative densities of 84-90%, enhancing structural integrity. Optical characterization shows tunable band gaps (2.99–3.17 eV), improving optical performance in the visible region. Dielectric measurements reveal a higher dielectric constant, improved capacitance, reduced losses, and enhanced temperature stability compared to pure NBT. Al3+substitution also improves electrode-material interactions, resulting in superior energy storage capabilities. This innovative, lead-free approach addresses environmental sustainability while positioning aluminum-modified NBT ceramics as ideal candidates for next-generation electronic applications.