Construction of binary phase diagram of palm kernel oil based maltosides

Glycolipids have amphiphilic characteristic in nature which form complex supramolecular structures both lyotropic (present of water) and thermotropic (pure form). Supramolecular structures are not solely occurred to glycolipids only because other types of liquid crystal material can also form complex morphologies. These types of compound are classified as amphotropic liquid crystals (Tschierske, 2002). Generally, amphotropic liquid crystals showed phases such as micellar, hexagonal or columnar and the smectic or lamellar phases. In order to determine the phase behaviour of glycolipids, lyotropic phase behaviour is studied due to the nearly identical relation between glycolipid/water systems to critical biological aspects. Their benefits in biology and pharmaceutical has encouraged many synthetic glycolipids to be developed, such as alkylpolyglucosides (APGs). APGs have been used for abundant in surfactants applications (N. I. Zahid et al., 2013). Alkyl glycosides are surfactants with potential in biology and chemistry which proven efficient in their application. The objective of this research is to construct binary phase of palm kernel oil based maltosides (alkyl maltosides). In binary phase behavior study, the phase boundaries of the alkyl maltosides/water were determined by observing the condition of the amphiphile−water mixtures in the nmr tubes by using cross polarizer negative films. Based on the result obtained, three phases were identified: anisotropic, viscous isotropic + water and isotropic phase. On the other hand, alkyl maltosides shows amphitropic behaviour exhibiting liquid crystalline behaviour in the presence of a solvent such as water (lyotropic). Upon addition of water to the neat sample, the molecules of the compound self-assembled and rearranged themselves from lamellar phase into micellar phase.