Exploring approaches to strengthen higher-order thinking skills in malaysian higher education / Nurin Farzana Mohamad Fadzil, Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor and Ahmad Naqiyuddin Bakar

This study explores factors influencing the development of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among students in Malaysian higher education institutions (HEIs) and their impact on graduates’ employability. Using a phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with nine participants, including educators and students. The findings highlight key challenges such as power imbalances, rigid teaching methods, low student engagement, inadequate knowledge, and ineffective learning strategies. Institutional issues, including restrictive regulations and less effective learning outcomes, hinder HOTS development. To address these challenges, the study suggests adopting student entered teaching approaches, encouraging active student involvement in problem-solving, and revising institutional policies to foster a supportive learning environment. Graduates with strong HOTS were found to be more competitive in the job market. However, the study’s scope is limited by its small sample size and focus on select HEIs, which may not fully represent the national context. Future research should include a broader sample and examine the role of technology in enhancing HOTS. This study provides practical insights for policymakers, HEI administrators, and educators to develop strategies that improve HOTS and graduate employability, contributing to the body of knowledge in higher education by offering a holistic and evidence-based perspective on teaching and learning HOTS.