Cluster sampling in educational research: a practical approach / Nurhafizah Ahmad, Fadzilawani Astifar Alias and Siti Asmah Mohamed

Cluster sampling is a widely employed probability sampling technique in educational research, particularly useful for large-scale studies where logistical and financial constraints limit the feasibility of simple random sampling. This method involves selecting entire clusters, such as schools, classrooms, or districts, rather than individual participants, making it ideal for educational settings with naturally occurring group structures. By streamlining data collection processes, cluster sampling enhances efficiency while ensuring representative sampling within a defined population. This paper explores the concept, significance, and practical application of cluster sampling in educational research. It discusses its advantages and limitations and provides an extensive review of empirical studies that have successfully applied this technique. Furthermore, it outlines the procedural steps required for effective implementation, ensuring methodological rigor and minimizing bias. The discussion highlights how cluster sampling has facilitated large-scale educational assessments, policy evaluations, and pedagogical research, reinforcing its value as a methodological tool in contemporary educational research.