The effects of cyberbully towards teenagers bahaviour / Nur Sadrina Syaza Yusof ... [et al.].

Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, text, forums or gaming where people can view, participate in or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting or sharing negative content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation (Caroline Evans, 2018). Victims of cyberbullying experience negative emotions such as frustration, anger, hopelessness and sadness. Consequently, victims of cyberbullying have a higher level of depression and anxiety than those not experiencing cyberbullying and they have low self-esteem (Hay & Meldrum, 2010). Psychological adjustment is defined as the absence of depression and anxiety and the existence of high self-esteem. The model consists of four concepts that are reciprocally related and that influence psychological adjustment. These concepts are the stressor, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies and perceived social supports (Lazarus &Folkman, 1984). Certain children find an outlet for their frustrations through bullying others. In the past, these actions could be better controlled because they were limited to face-to-face interactions. However, in recent years, this age-old conflict has matched the pace of technological evolutions, making it more dangerous and harder to contain. Perceived social supports are related to one's psychological adjustments to cyberbullying. Students who were victimized and perceived little social support from family, friends or a significant other have been found to be more likely to have depression, anxiety and low self-esteem (Holt and Espelage, 2007).