Exploring the legal framework and policies of climate change across borders: local government response to climate change in selected Asean countries / Dr. Nor Zaini Zainal Abidin, Nur Irinah Mohamad Sirat and Nurul Mazrah Manshor

Climate change is an urgent and pressing issue with farreaching implications for all nations worldwide. Indonesia, in particular, has emerged as a significant contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Southeast Asia, with a staggering 619 metric tons in 2021, placing it among the top five CO2 emitters in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan, too, is a notable contributor to carbon emissions, ranking fifth globally. Given these alarming statistics, various local governments have taken proactive steps and measures to reduce emissions and foster low-carbon growth within their respective jurisdictions. This paper focuses on the top CO2 emitters in ASEAN: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan. Through a doctrinal legal research analysis, the paper examines the international legal framework, national laws, and climate change policies these countries implemented. Additionally, the study highlights several noteworthy projects initiated to combat climate change. Policymakers, governments, and local governments can leverage the research findings and insights to formulate and implement effective strategies to address the issue of climate change in their respective regions.