Photocatalytic precast concrete wall / Muhammad Syahzuwan Azmi and Mohamed Ezad Hafez Pahroraji

Vehicle emissions and the manufacturing industry in Malaysia contribute to air pollution by releasing large amounts of chemical compounds and dust, which can stain and discolour the exterior of building surfaces. The dampness of concrete also encourages mould spores to grow, leading to health problems such as respiratory problems and resulting to dirty walls. Furthermore, some buildings, specifically high-rise and skyscraper structures, prioritise the cleanliness of exterior walls to preserve their aesthetic value. Nevertheless, the cleaning of buildings, especially for high-rise buildings, raises a lot of safety concerns. Due to a lack of adherence to safety procedures and the environment of the building itself, many accidents occur to workers who clean the building.