Formula instruction in English language writing: learnability, teachability and learner variables / Nor Ashikin Ab Manan

This paper discusses pertinent issues in relation to formula instruction. It is based on a quasi-
experimental study which was primarily carried out to ascertain whether incorporating formula
instruction into an academic writing class is advantageous in improving the participants’
academic writing performance. Since time allocated for academic writing at university level is
often limited to explicitly teach a large collection of formulaic expressions in English language,
the paper attempts to address the issues of ‘teachable’ and ‘learnability’ in formula instruction.
The paper also highlights the effect of two learner variables namely general English language
proficiency level and gender on the participants’ post-test performance. Subsequently, the
pattern of formula use among the participants from different proficiency levels was examined
and discussed. It was concluded based on the findings that formula instruction is beneficial due
to the fact that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test. It was
found that the effect of proficiency level on the post-test results is significant but the effect of
gender is insignificant. Lower level participants were found to have used more target formulas
overall and the formulas used were generally high frequency target formulas. On the other hand,
higher level participants had utilized mostly low frequency non-target formulas in their post-test.