Beyond BMI: metabolomic profiling of obesity phenotypes in women

Obesity is a heterogeneous condition where people with similar body fat can have very different cardiometabolic risk. Some women with obesity remain metabolically healthy (MHO), while others develop impaired glucose control and high blood pressure (MUO). Routine clinical measurements do not fully explain this difference. Metabolomic profiling may help identify early metabolic changes underlying these phenotypes. This study aimed to compare anthropometric, clinical, and circulating metabolite profiles between women with MHO and MUO.