Acute effects of a high-protein breakfast on attention and satiety among university students

Breakfast consumption plays a crucial role in maintaining daily nutritional needs and supporting cognitive performance, with high protein options offering potential advantages for satiety and mental focus during morning hours. University students frequently skip breakfast due to busy schedules and academic pressure, potentially hindering their memory, attention span, and appetite control. To investigate these acute effects, a study examined thirty four university students using a crossover design with a three day rest period, comparing a high protein breakfast containing roughly thirty to thirty five grams of protein against a fasted state. Attentional performance and fullness levels were evaluated over four hours following the test conditions using the Stroop Test and Visual Analogue Scale, providing insight into the immediate cognitive and physiological benefits of morning meal intake.