Kinematic comparison of free throw shooting between amateur and intermediate basketball players

This study investigated kinematic differences and free throw accuracy between six amateur and six intermediate male basketball players aged eighteen to twenty-four. Each participant completed ten regulation free throws, which were recorded perpendicular to the sagittal plane using a smartphone camera and analyzed with Kinovea software to evaluate shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint angles during the release phase. Independent samples t tests were then conducted to identify performance and mechanical variations between the two skill levels to help inform coaching strategies.