Coprological and molecular investigation of animal parasite in cow stool in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan

Animal parasites is one of the significant threat to cattle productivity and public health due to their potential zoonotic risks. This study investigated the presence of Toxocara spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Fasciola spp. in cattle from three farms in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, using both coprological and molecular methods. A total of 30 faecal samples were examined through direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation and trichrome staining for coprological analysis. Additionally, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification was performed using each parasite-specific primers to detect the DNA. Coprological results revealed Toxocara spp. (40%), Cryptosporidium spp. (33.33%), and unidentified animal parasites (13.33%), with no Fasciola spp. eggs observed. However, PCR did not yield amplification of all the targeted parasite DNA, which may have been due to low infection intensity, the presence of PCR inhibitors, or limitations in primer sensitivity. Interviews with farm managers revealed that deworming practices were inconsistent and management systems varied across farms, including both free grazing and confined feeding conditions, which may contribute to parasite transmission. These findings indicate a possible low prevalence or subclinical fascioliasis among cattle in the study area. To improve detection accuracy, future studies should incorporate validated primers, synthetic DNA as positive controls, and PCR additives. Regular deworming and improved farm hygiene practices are also recommended to manage parasitic risks more effectively.