GRAVI-WICK: a passive, electricity-free and low-cost drip irrigation system for optimal soil hydration

Maintaining optimal soil conditions is crucial for increasing agricultural productivity, particularly in areas with limited water resources. This study presents the development and implementation of a real-time soil monitoring system utilizing multimeter devices deployed across multiple farm areas. Each device measures key soil parameters: moisture, pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and flow rate. The collected data is transmitted via the internet to a cloud server where it is stored, processed, and analyzed. The system calculates a soil readiness score based on the sensor readings, which is visualized through a user-friendly web interface for farmers and administrators. The study data demonstrates the system's ability to track spatial and temporal variations in soil conditions, offering valuable insights into land suitability and irrigation efficiency. By integrating real-time environmental sensing with cloud-based analytics, the platform supports data-driven agricultural decision-making, contributing to smarter irrigation practices and improved land management strategies.