Ejection fraction calculation of the heart using different models and volume methods

Ejection Fraction (EF) is a vital parameter in the analysis of cardiac pumping efficiency using echocardiography, helping physicians monitor the heart and detect heart disorders. However, traditional assessment frequently suffers from an over-reliance on a single method, typically Simpson's 1/3 Rule with fixed subintervals n = 20. This approach often produces significantly distorted EF values due to inaccuracies inherent in constant subintervals and the effects of image foreshortening. Consequently, this research focuses on the comparison of distinct numerical techniques for calculating EF from echocardiographic images to identify the most precise mathematical model for clinical use. The study evaluates Simpson's 1/3, Simpson's 3/8, and Trapezoidal Rule, alongside geometric volume modelling using the Bullet and Bi-Plane Long-Axis Ellipse (BPLAE) methods. Manual tracing is conducted on apical two-chamber and four- chamber views across three subintervals n = 20, 24, and 48. The standard n = 20 data obtained directly from the echocardiogram served as the benchmark for accuracy and is used to validate the deviation of experimental methods. The results demonstrate that the BPLAE method yields the highest accuracy and consistency relative to the benchmark. Ultimately, this study establishes that employing the BPLAE method offers a superior alternative to relying on fixed-interval measurements for achieving EF estimates that are both reliable and clinically meaningful.