A preliminary review on the Morphological and Phytochemical Characteristics of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), a member of the family Sapindaceae, is a tropical fruit species native to Southeast Asia and recognised for its nutritional and medicinal potential. This preliminary review aims to summarise the basic morphological characteristics of N. lappaceum, including its leaves, flowers, and fruits. Besides compiling available information on its phytochemical composition and biological activities. A systematic literature search was conducted using books and databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, applying defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings show clear morphological differences among the plants, highlighting the need for more detailed comparisons and consistent taxonomic descriptions. Taxonomic uncertainties also persist due to overlapping morphological traits and limited molecular phylogenetic data. Although phytochemical studies have shown strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, standardized testing and in vivo verification are still limited. This preliminary synthesis provides a foundational reference for future, in-depth studies on the taxonomy, morphology, and pharmacological potential of N. lappaceum.