The association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and mental health among young adults in Selangor

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are energy-dense, nutrient-poor products commonly consumed by young adults. Although their nutritional risks are established, the association between UPF intake and mental health, specifically depression, anxiety, and stress, remains unclear in Malaysian youth. Objective: To examine the association between UPF intake and mental health outcomes among young adults in Selangor, Malaysia. Method: A cross- sectional study involving 389 participants aged 18–29 was conducted using purposive sampling. Participants completed a validated UPF food frequency questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric statistical tests. Results: No significant associations were found between gender and UPF intake or mental health status. However, females reported higher levels of depression and anxiety, while males showed slightly higher stress. UPF intake was not significantly associated with depression, anxiety, or stress levels. Nevertheless, higher UPF intake correlated positively with increased energy, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, trans fat, sugar, sodium, and protein intake (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although UPF intake was not directly linked to mental health outcomes, its association with poor dietary quality suggests potential long-term health risks. Promoting healthier eating habits among Malaysian youth is essential to support both physical and mental well-being.