When federalism meets reality: the 20-point agreement, Sabah politics, and its real-world impact

Mohd Jody, Jeniwaty and Razali, Hazariah Yais and Ismail, Hanim and Ab Rahman, Farah Adilla (2026) When federalism meets reality: the 20-point agreement, Sabah politics, and its real-world impact. Bulletin. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan.
Abstract

The Malaysia Agreement 1963 and the 20-Point Agreement established foundational constitutional safeguards for Sabah's autonomy across key areas like immigration and finance, yet enduring disputes over their implementation continue to shape federal-state relations and public expectations.

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