Islamic calligraphy script and ornamentation in the first floating mosque in Perak: Al-Bard Mosque.

Mosques represent important expressions of Islamic art, where architecture reflects both spiritual and cultural values. Among the key visual elements are calligraphy and ornamentation, which function not only as decoration but also as carriers of meaning and identity. However, detailed studies focusing on mosque ornamentation in Malaysia remain limited. This study examines the calligraphic and ornamental elements of Al-Bard Mosque (Masjid Seribu Selawat), the first floating mosque in Perak. A qualitative visual research approach was employed through site observation, photographic documentation, and interviews with mosque committee members. The analysis was guided by Feldman’s art criticism framework and supported by Malay aesthetic principles introduced by Zakaria Ali. The findings reveal that the integration of calligraphy with floral and arabesque motifs reflects Islamic spiritual values alongside local Malay artistic identity, particularly through the adaptation of Awan Larat patterns. The study contributes to the documentation of mosque ornamentation in Malaysia and serves as a reference for art education, visual culture studies, and future Islamic design practices.