Optimizing social interaction through strategic seating layouts: a case study of Perdana Botanical Garden, Kuala Lumpur

Seating layout in urban parks plays a pivotal role in shaping users' experience and social dynamics. This study focuses on seating configurations in Perdana Botanical Garden (PBG), Kuala Lumpur, and the impact on social interaction patterns among visitors. Addressing the lack of empirical studies on spatial design and its behavioral effects in Malaysian parks, the study utilised a mixed-method approach that combined an observational study with a distribution of questionnaires. Observations were conducted across three key zones—Perdana Canopy, Fantasy Planet, and Sunken Garden—alongside surveys via QR codes, gathering 60 responses. Findings reveal that circular and shared-table seating layouts encourage interaction while maintaining personal space, aligning with theories on environmental psychology and social comfort. Users showed a clear preference for shaded and accessible seating with aesthetic views, which influenced their likelihood to engage with others. While instances of prolonged social activity were limited, the results suggest that spatial design supports but does not solely determine social behavior. The study concludes that thoughtful seating arrangements, which include orientation, material, comfort, and proximity to main pathways enhance satisfaction and foster meaningful community engagement. These insights aim to provide valuable guidance for architects and urban designers through evidence-based strategies to increase the usability and sociability of public space.