Aligned MHD flow of ternary hybrid nanofluids over a vertical plate with convective boundary condition

The present study presents an extensive numerical analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) flow of Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), and Alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles suspended in water flowing along a vertical plate under a convective boundary condition. The effects of an inclined external magnetic field, thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis on the temperature and velocity profiles are analyzed. By applying similarity transformations, the boundary layer equations of the problem are solved using MATLAB's bvp4c solver. Solutions indicate that the strength of the magnetic field and concentration of nanoparticles increase heat transfer but decrease fluid velocity as a result of the Lorentz force. The surface heat transfer and flow resistance are strongly affected by the Biot number and mixed convection parameters. This study demonstrates the higher thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency of THNFs than conventional nanofluids, facilitating their use in future-generation thermal technologies such as electronic cooling and industrial heat exchangers. The theoretical approach formulated provides insight for the optimization of MHD nanofluid systems and lays a platform for experimental validation in the future.