Ranking of historical tourism places in Perak using Fuzzy TOPSIS

Perak is rich in historical places that reflect Malaysia’s cultural and colonial heritage. However, many of these places are under-promoted and lack strategic development. This study aims to systematically rank historical tourism places in Perak using the Fuzzy Technique for Order preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS), a method particularly effective under uncertainty. Seven criteria were used for the evaluation: facilities, safety, uniqueness of the heritage, accessibility, cleanliness, historical significance and promotional efforts. Data were collected through structured expert interviews and surveys with 60 respondents. Each criterion and location were assessed using fuzzy linguistic variables. The results showed that historical significance and uniqueness were the most important factors. Ubudiah Royal Mosque, the Royal Museum and the Kellie Castle topped the list. The findings provide valuable guidance to local authorities and stakeholders to improve planning, conservation and marketing strategies. This study contributes to the sustainable development of cultural tourism and greater recognition of Perak’s cultural assets.