Spasticity simulated model (SSM) for high-fidelity spasticity part-task trainer according to modified ashworth scale

Clinical trainees often struggle with accurately assessing spasticity due to the subjective nature of the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and the lack of effective training tools. This study aims to bridge these gaps by developing and validating a Quantitative Modelling Framework and an Upper Limb Spasticity Training Device (ULSTraD). The research focuses on quantifying spasticity characteristics aligned with the MAS. The Simulated Spasticity Model (SSM) was developed to replicate various MAS levels, emphasizing the catch phenomenon and muscle tone behavior. The model's accuracy was validated through R-squared values where MAS 1, 1+, 2, and 3 are 0.99, 0.99, 0.96, and 0.92, respectively. It is demonstrating a strong correlation with real patient data. ULSTraD was designed to simulate spasticity scenarios, particularly in the elbow extensor, providing clinical trainees with hands-on experience in a controlled environment. Evaluation of the device involved both laboratory and clinical settings, revealing strong alignment between ULSTraD’s measurements and established MAS scores. More experienced clinicians showed higher Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) scores, indicating better alignment with the device's outputs. However, the device faced challenges in accurately replicating MAS 1+ scores, highlighting the need for further refinement. User feedback was generally positive, though suggestions were made for improving system stability and user-friendliness. The study concludes that ULSTraD holds significant potential as a training tool for spasticity management, but further enhancements are needed to improve its reliability and educational value, especially for clinicians with varying levels of experience.