The use of Augmented Reality (AR) in enhancing animation learning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students

This study investigates the potential of Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance art and design education for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students within Malaysian vocational education settings. The research addresses a critical problem: DHH students face significant barriers in art and design classrooms due to the split-attention effect caused by simultaneous visual demonstration and verbal explanation, compounded by limited sign language vocabulary for technical and artistic terminology, and the absence of AR educational tools designed specifically for this population. A comprehensive literature review underpins the study, emphasizing the role of AR in bridging communication gaps and fostering inclusive education through the theoretical lenses of Social Constructivism and Visual Learning Theory. The study employed a qualitative research design, conducting semi-structured interviews with three Special Education Teachers and two AR Experts, supplemented by teacher-facilitated prototype testing with DHH students. Thematic analysis was applied to identify key insights regarding current practices, challenges, and pedagogical strategies. Findings reveal that while educators recognise AR's potential for three-dimensional visualisation and enhanced engagement, purposeful integration remains absent from current practice. Six pedagogical strategies emerged from the synthesis of educator and expert perspectives: Visual-First Design, Mobile-Based Delivery, Pre-Vocational Simulation, Reduced Text Dependency, Interest-Driven Engagement, and Collaborative Development. Preliminary student feedback validated the visual-first approach while indicating demand for expanded interactive 3D content. The study highlights the necessity of developing tailored AR tools that leverage DHH students' documented visual learning strengths while addressing the specific communication and cognitive load challenges they face. Recommendations for future research include experimental studies measuring learning outcomes and expanded investigation across other subject areas and educational levels.