Characterising the design motifs profiling and classification of traditional batik sarongs in Terengganu and Kelantan

Traditional batik sarongs from Kelantan and Terengganu establish an important visual and cultural expression of Malaysian textile heritage, reflecting regional identity, aesthetic values, and long-standing artisanal practices. Despite their cultural significance, systematic documentation, profiling, and classification of batik sarong motif designs, particularly in digital form remain limited. This lack of structured visual records presents a risk to the continuity of cultural knowledge, design identity, and heritage transmission to future generations, especially in the context of rapid industrialisation and changing consumer preferences. Addressing this gap, this study focuses on motif design as a primary visual element of cultural representation, rather than on materials or production techniques. The main aim of this research is to characterise, profile, and classify traditional batik sarong motif designs from Kelantan and Terengganu by examining motif forms, design arrangements, colour applications, and stylistic characteristics. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving fieldwork documentation, visual analysis of batik sarong samples, and semi-structured interviews with batik artisans and industry practitioners. A total of 62 traditional batik sarong samples were collected from selected batik producers in both regions. The motifs were analysed through a systematic process of visual coding, thematic categorisation, and comparative analysis, leading to the development of a structured motif profiling and classification framework supported by digital documentation. The findings reveal distinctive motif characteristics and design arrangements that differentiate batik sarong traditions between Kelantan and Terengganu. These differences are influenced by cultural symbolism, local aesthetic preferences, historical references, and production practices unique to each region. The study demonstrates how motif design functions as a visual marker of regional identity and cultural meaning, contributing to a deeper understanding of traditional batik sarong aesthetics beyond surface decoration. Methodologically, it bridges empirical fieldwork with digital approaches to heritage preservation, resulting in a visual motif archive that supports long-term sustainability of traditional knowledge. Practically, the outcomes offer valuable references for designers, educators, researchers, and batik industry stakeholders, supporting design innovation, motif authentication, and cultural preservation initiatives within the Malaysian batik industry.