Ends justify the means: machiavellianism and counterproductive work behaviour

Machiavellianism is part of the well-established personality framework in psychology known as the Dark Triad (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). It derives its name from the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli, which emphasizes the use of manipulation and deceit to achieve power and success. This topic is especially relevant today since Machiavellian tendencies in the workplace can weaken work ethics, erode trust, and encourage counterproductive work behaviours that harm both employees and organizational effectiveness. Table 1 presents the characteristics of respective traits within the Dark Triad. While narcissists seek admiration and validation, and psychopaths exhibit impulsivity and lack of remorse, Machiavellians prioritize control, manipulation, and emotional detachment (Jones & Paulhus, 2013; LeBreton, Shiverdecker & Grimaldi, 2018). Machiavellianism distinguishes itself from other socially aversive traits (i.e., narcissism and psychopathy) by three primary features. First, Machiavellians manipulate others using exploitative and deceitful behaviours to achieve set goals (Kessler et al., 2010). Such behaviours are directed at influencing or controlling others to ensure their personal self-interests are realized. Second, Machiavellians are marked by emotional detachment. Although they may appear empathetic at times, this is often a calculated display of emotion, part of a careful plan to achieve desired outcomes (Wastell & Booth, 2003). Machiavellian has been associated with careful planning and patience in achieving desired outcomes and does not necessarily involve impulsivity or thrill-seeking experiences. Third, those who are high in Machiavellianism believe that moral rules are flexible when personal gain is involved. These manipulative tactics are not confined to interpersonal relationships. However, they are readily adapted to organizational hierarchies. When applied to the workplace, the Machiavellian worldview, that the ends justify the means, can undermine corporate ethics and foster a culture of distrust.