Spatial interpretations of matrilineal heritage house in Negeri Sembilan: a case study of Rumah Warisan Mak Ani

This study explores the spatial philosophy embedded in Rumah Warisan Mak Ani, located in Parit Istana, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. The house was selected as a case study due to its well-preserved architectural characteristics that represent the traditional Malay house of Negeri Sembilan, shaped by the matrilineal system of Adat Perpatih. Using a qualitative research approach, including site observation, spatial documentation, and literature review, this research investigates how space is organized not only for practical purposes but also to reflect cultural values and the adat-based social structure. The findings highlight that the arrangement of key spaces of serambi (veranda), rumah ibu (main house), and kitchen demonstrates more than functional zoning; it symbolizes core societal roles and traditional wisdom. The serambi is used for communal gatherings, customary ceremonies, and decision-making through consensus, primarily involving male elders. The rumah ibu represents the honor and central role of women as the holders of inheritance and culture, while the kitchen facilitates the transmission of values and domestic knowledge across generations. The study identifies five key principles of spatial philosophy within the context of Adat Perpatih: generational continuity, openness and consensus, symbolic boundaries, spatial hierarchy, and environmental harmony. These principles show how space helps to guide behavior, protect cultural identity, and preserve traditional knowledge and values. Ultimately, Rumah Warisan Mak Ani is not merely a physical structure but a living social institution that educates and sustains the values of the Adat Perpatih community. Its preservation offers valuable insights for heritage conservation and vernacular architectural studies.