A triadic analysis of fake news: drivers, technological features, and societal impacts on social media

This study examines the multifaceted nature of fake news proliferation across digital platforms, with a focus on psychological drivers, technological amplifiers, and real-world consequences. Drawing on 51 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025, the study synthesises findings using thematic analysis and co-occurrence mapping. Three interrelated themes emerge: (1) the role of cognitive biases, emotional triggers, and political identities in shaping belief and sharing behaviours; (2) the influence of algorithms, platform design, and multimodal content in amplifying misinformation; and (3) the tangible consequences of fake news in public health, democratic processes, and consumer trust. The review introduces a Triadic Interplay Model to explain individual motivations, a Force Field Matrix to analyse virality, and a Multi-Domain Impact Radar to visualise sectoral effects. Findings reveal the urgent need for interdisciplinary solutions that combine technological, educational, regulatory, and ethical strategies. The study concludes by offering actionable recommendations for policymakers, platforms, and educators to foster a more resilient and media-literate society.