valuation on eco-biology and tank-mix efficacy of oxyfluorfen for inhibition of susceptible and resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica) biotypes across four herbicide groups

A heavy infestation of Eleusine indica (goosegrass) threatens vegetable crops. Selective herbicides is the primary control method. However, overreliance on herbicides can lead to multiple herbicide resistance in goosegrass. This study aimed to: (1) identify resistance in goosegrass biotypes to clethodim, quizalofop, glyphosate, and an MSMA plus diuron premix; (2) assess environmental effects on germination and emergence in resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes; and (3) determine optimal herbicide mixtures for control. Field trials and rain shelter experiment confirmed resistance in the R biotype, with resistance levels 15-, 12-, 80-, and 2-fold higher than the S biotype for glyphosate, clethodim, quizalofop, and MSMA plus diuron, respectively, based on dose causing 50% shoot biomass reduction.