Sustainability readiness assessment of electric vehicle battery recycling industry in Indonesia: a maturity model approach

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Indonesia has raised concerns regarding end-of-life battery waste management. Although the government has established a roadmap targeting implementation by 2030, there is no structured instrument to assess the readiness of the EV battery recycling industry. This study proposes a maturity-based assessment instrument, namely the Sustainable EV Battery Recycling Maturity Model, to evaluate the readiness of the EV battery recycling industry in Indonesia. The model measures industry readiness through a set of defined indicators and maturity levels, adapted from existing maturity model concepts (e.g., CMM-based maturity levels) and contextualized to the Indonesian setting. The framework was developed through a systematic literature review and expert consultation, resulting in five dimensions: Technology, Governance, Economy, Social, and Environment, comprising a total of 15 sub-indicators. The indicators and sub-indicators were validated by three experts with relevant experience in the field using the Content Validity Index (CVI), while the weighting process was conducted using the Hesitant Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (HF-AHP). To demonstrate its practical applicability, the model was implemented in a hazardous waste management company to calculate a maturity index score. The results indicate that the current readiness level is at the “Defined” stage, with governance and regulatory alignment identified as key areas for improvement. Overall, this study provides a structured assessment framework to support the development of sustainable EV battery waste management systems, particularly in emerging economies.