PWM solar charge controller

The project outlines the design and construction of a PWM- (Pulse Width Modulation)-based solar charge controller to enhance the efficiency of solar energy systems by proper charging of batteries. The controller, based on the Arduino Nano microcontroller, is also designed to limit the voltage and current from solar panels to avoid overcharging or deep discharge of batteries. Integration of a buck converter allows the solar system to set its output according to battery requirements, providing consistency in power supply. Real-time monitoring of solar panel and battery voltage, coupled with temperature sensing, is achieved through different sensors feeding their data to the Arduino for, consequently, a real-time adjustment of the charge cycle. The charge controller uses three charging stages-i.e., bulk, absorption, and float-to achieve maximum battery life and energy storage efficiency. An LCD display in the GUI works as an interface, providing updates on system status, such as battery level and solar input. This design presents a cheaper yet expandable alternative for solar applications, right from off-grid energy settings up to portable solar appliances. The project further asserts the viability of adopting more advanced, cheaper technologies to promote renewable energy development. This invariably will lead to the greater adoption of sustainable energy solutions all over.