The freedom of religion of minority religion in Indonesia: a case study of Ugamo Malim

The Ugamo Malim community, an indigenous Batak religious minority in Indonesia, faces ongoing challenges in exercising their constitutional right to religious freedom. Although Indonesia’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, legal and social obstacles continue to marginalize non-mainstream faiths. This study critically examines the extent to which Ugamo Malim adherents experience systemic discrimination, state neglect, and social exclusion, using a triangulated methodology that includes in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. This research delves into various theories surrounding rights, legal pluralism, religious freedom, discrimination, minority protection, and the socio-anthropological perspective. It examines how legal frameworks, administrative policies, and societal attitudes work together to limit the religious practices of certain groups. Findings show that Ugamo Malim adherents face structural discrimination in areas such as civil registration and access to state services, which reinforces their marginalization. Additionally, the reluctance of local authorities to recognize their religious identity worsens social alienation and perpetuates legal uncertainties. The analysis reveals that state recognition mechanisms tend to favor majoritarian religious groups, thereby limiting the religious autonomy of Ugamo Malim followers. This case study highlights the contradiction between Indonesia’s pluralistic legal framework and the real experiences of religious minorities, revealing gaps in legal enforcement and protection. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for institutional reforms, policy changes, and increased legal awareness to ensure that all citizens, especially marginalized faith communities, can fully realize their religious freedom. By addressing these structural inequities, Indonesia can work towards a more inclusive legal and social environment where religious minorities like Ugamo Malim can exercise their fundamental rights without fear of discrimination or repression.