Solar-powered IoT monitoring system for poultry houses with Integrated temperature, humidity and harmful gases: a case study in Kampar Regency

Broiler poultry farming in Kampar Regency faces significant challenges in maintaining stable temperature and humidity and controlling harmful gases such as ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which can adversely affect chicken health and productivity. This study aims to design and develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based poultry house environmental monitoring system powered by solar panels to enable real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, NH₃, and CO₂ levels. The system employs SHT31, MQ-135, and ENS160 sensors integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller, and is supported by a web-based platform for remote access by farmers. The use of solar panels as the primary power source enhances energy efficiency and operational sustainability, particularly in areas with limited access to electricity. Experimental results show that the system achieved a temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.4 °C and humidity accuracy of ±2% RH, with NH₃ and CO₂ detection sensitivity reaching 93% and 91%, respectively. During a five-day field trial, the system demonstrated 100% uptime and uninterrupted solar-powered operation, while data transmission reliability remained at 99.8%. These results confirm the system’s effectiveness in providing precise environmental data, enabling timely preventive decisions, and supporting the adoption of IoT and renewable energy to enhance efficiency and sustainability in rural poultry farming.