Breathing kindergarten framework

Indoor air pollution (IAP) presents a substantial risk to the health and well-being of occupants in various building types. This issue is particularly acute in kindergarten buildings, where young children, who are highly sensitive to air pollutants, are present. The internal layout and spatial organization of early childhood education environments are crucial in fostering active learning, as emphasized by educational philosophies. However, a notable challenge exists in the context of kindergarten design in Malaysia, where many private kindergartens operate in buildings originally intended for noneducational purposes. This discrepancy between the spatial requirements dictated by educational philosophies and the existing layouts often results in poor indoor air quality (IAQ). Therefore, developing a comprehensive framework to mitigate IAP is essential for creating healthy indoor environments in kindergartens. The primary objective of this innovation is to provide guidance on spatial arrangements for kindergartens located in repurposed buildings. The framework, termed the "Breathing Kindergarten Framework," is designed based on IAQ measurements of parameters such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and microbial contaminants (bacteria and fungi) collected from six kindergartens in Selangor between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The data obtained from these measurements were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression analysis. The development of this framework involves the integration of fieldwork data, relevant guidelines, and expert validation. Key components of the framework include orientation, floor area, window openings, ventilation, ventilation systems, location, and compartmentation. The implementation of this framework is anticipated to significantly enhance IAQ in kindergartens operating in repurposed shop office buildings, thereby fostering healthier environments for young children.