Motivational determinants of water-based activity participation among Kedah community

Water-based activities provide diverse opportunities for physical, psychological, and social engagement with nature. Despite their numerous benefits, participation in such activities remains limited across Malaysian communities. This study investigates the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influencing participation in water-based activities among Kedah community, guided by Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory (SDT). A quantitative approach using the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS-28) was employed, involving a stratified sample of 160 respondents. The findings reveal that “To Experience Stimulation” recorded the highest mean score (M = 5.90) for intrinsic motivation, emphasizing excitement and sensory enjoyment as the primary drivers. Meanwhile, “Identified” motivation obtained the highest mean (M = 5.77) for extrinsic motivation, indicating that personal significance and goal alignment play crucial roles in engagement. Independent T-Test results showed no significant gender differences (p > 0.05) for both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The results demonstrate that men and women are equally motivated to participate in water-based activities, challenging gender stereotypes and promoting inclusivity. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of motivational determinants that can inform future strategies to enhance community engagement, improve participation rates, and foster healthier, more active lifestyles within Malaysian society