Smart greenhouse management system using ESP32-based IoT for sustainable agriculture

The need for sustainable agriculture has driven for innovation in environmental monitoring and automation technologies. This project presents a smart greenhouse management system utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimise crop growth conditions and reduce manual intervention through precise climate control and real-time monitoring. The system is controlled by a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller integrated with various sensors, including a DHT11 sensor, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) and a passive infrared (PIR) sensor. Based on real-time sensor data, actuators such as fans, exhaust fans, and lamps are automatically activated to maintain optimal growing conditions. Specifically, the DHT11 sensor regulates temperature and humidity via an exhaust fan, the LDR manages lighting based on ambient brightness and the PIR sensor triggers ventilation and lighting adjustments upon detecting motion. All components are programmed using the Arduino platform with remote monitoring and control through the flexible and user-friendly Blynk application. This innovative greenhouse monitoring system minimises manual effort and offers a cost-effective solution to support sustainable farming, aligning with the key global sustainability goals (SDGs) including food security, innovation, and climate action.