GC-MS analysis of phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis from different locations in Malaysia

Geniotrigona thoracica is a recognized stingless bee species cultivated in the Malaysian meliponiculture industry. It is known for producing propolis rich in bioactive compounds and exhibiting a range of biological activities. However, the anti-adipogenic potential of Malaysian propolis remains insufficiently studied. This study explores the phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-adipogenic activity of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from G. thoracica hives at three locations in Selangor including Serdang (SER), Shah Alam (SA), and Hulu Bernam (HB). Propolis was extracted using maceration with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed variations in compound profiles, with 15 distinct compounds identified in the SER extract, 15 in SA, and 12 in HB. SER contained 15 distinct compounds, including phenolics, terpenoids, sugar alcohols, and aromatics. SA showed 15 compounds from similar major classes as SER, while HB presented 12 compounds, including phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, and aromatics.