IoT-driven smart hydroponics system for precision agriculture

Agriculture faces significant challenges from climate change, urbanisation, and resource depletion, prompting the need for innovative solutions like hydroponics. However, traditional hydroponic systems are often labor-intensive and prone to human error due to the need for constant manual supervision. This paper presents an IoT-driven smart hydroponics system built around the ESP32 microcontroller and integrated with sensors, including a light-dependent resistor (LDR), ultrasonic sensors, a TDS meter, and a temperature sensor. The system continuously monitors key parameters such as light levels, water levels, nutrient concentration, and temperature, sending real-time data to a cloud-based platform. Based on predefined thresholds, the system automatically adjusts water and nutrient levels by controlling pumps, reducing manual intervention and ensuring consistent growing conditions. The prototype was successfully developed and implemented, demonstrating reliable automation of environmental monitoring and control. The results indicate that the system significantly reduces manual effort, improves accuracy in nutrient dosing, and enhances resource efficiency. Moreover, the system is modular and adaptable, making it suitable for integration into any conventional Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system. Future enhancements will include machine learning for adaptive management, expanded remote monitoring capabilities, and the use of renewable energy sources to further improve sustainability and automation.